Authors:
Muhammad Wajid Tahir
Rubina Kauser

Author - Muhammad Wajid Tahir
Lecturer / Research Associate
CPUES, UOG, Gujrat
Phone: 0092-35-3643112
Cell: 0092-333-4109711
Email: wajid.tahir@uog.edu.pk

Co-author - Rubina Kauser
Clinical Psychologist
UOG, Gujrat
Phone: 0092-35-3643167
Cell: 0092-321-4547664
Email: rubina.kauser@uog.edu.pk

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INTRODUCTION
Throughout the world, life expectancy is increasing and it is gradually producing more elderly people (60+). According to the United Nations (2009), the number of elderly people has tripled over the last 50 years and it will again triple over the next 50 years.

The developing countries are facing a pre-demographic transition stage. These countries have a huge proportion of adult population in theirpyramid, which is encouraging more elderly people (60+) in the coming decades. The growth of elderly people (60+) is twice as fast in developing countries, 3.0 percent more than developed countries at 1.4 percent (Hashmi, 2003). The betterment in social conditions, such as primary education, improved health facilities, better sanitation, preservation of food, improved hygienic conditions, industrialization, improvement in living standards and modern medical technologies played a vital role in the increase of life expectancy of developing countries.

World Health Organization (2000) released a press note that the Asian countries are improving dramatically in health profiles and healthy life expectancy. Therefore, the aging population is increasing more rapidly in Asia compared to rest of the world and it will occur in some Asian countries at a much earlier stage of economic development (Hashmi, 2003). In view of this momentum, it is expected that the gradual increase in elderly people (60+) would bring a dramatic change in age composition of the population. It would increase the dependency ratio and the situation would encourage the elderly people (60+) to remain active in economic productive activities in the later years of their lives.

Financial needs are continuous during various life courses of a human being. In the past, family ties were strong in South Asian countries and elderly people (60+) were taken care of by families, both physically and financially. Currently, the conversion of joint families into nuclear families is also altering previous practices. This rapid change in the family system is one of the consequences of urbanization and in most cases this abates the care and support of elderly people in the family (Mansoor, 2008). Therefore, the lack of financial and social support is pushing elderly people (60+) to join the work force in later years of their lives.

Pakistan is a developing country with a population of 180 million (Population Reference Bureau, 2009). The age composition is 45 percent child, 48 percent adult and 7 percent elderly (60+) people (National Institute of Population Studies, 2008). The decline of the mortality rate is faster, life expectancy is increasing and people are breathing up to 63 years in Pakistan (WHO, 2008). The situation is predicting more elderly people (60+) in Pakistan during coming decades. According to UN (2009) population projections, the proportion of elderly people (60+) will be 15.1 percent of the total population by 2050 with an annual growth rate of 3.9 percent in Pakistan.
The retirement age is 60 years in the public sector institutions of Pakistan but there is no age limit in the private sector to continue the services. In the past, under the influence of traditional myths and beliefs, the people left work at the age (60) due to illness, disease or desire by children. Their departure from the work force was not because of their own choice, basically, the socially constructed taboos were not permitting them to do work. However, gradually the situation is changing; various factors such as an increase in life expectancy, family transition, resource scarcity and socio-economic development are bringing them at work places. In this era, the following social and cultural factors are playing a proactive role in the involvement of elderly people (60+) in the labor market.

Initially, education plays an eminent role in the Active Daily Living (ADL) after age 60+. Medical science suggests that the burden of disease can be reduced by improving Personal Hygienic Conditions (PHC) in later years of life. This could only be possible, if the elderly people (60+) have information about PHC and ADL. Most probably, the elderly people (60+) with higher education are already aware of these conditions to sustain their health at maximum level. Education improves physical health and functioning and therefore employment status (Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). So, late physical deterioration and further engagements in the labor market are linked with the educational background of elderly people (60+).

Secondly, health status is one of the most important indicators to determine economic engagements of elderly people (60+) in later years of their lives. The degeneration process of old age depends on early socio-economic status, routines of life, daily activities and Personal Hygienic Conditions (PHC). Many elderly people (60+) are successful in maintaining their health, at maximum standards by adopting various measures like regular exercise, diet patterns, regular medical checkup and doing some work. It is observed that health can be affected by having a job, its nature and status; full-time employment slows the physical deterioration with age (Rose & Mirowsky, 1995). Modern medical interventions have also improved the subjective and objective health indicators of elderly people (60+) in recent decades. So, health status is playing a dual role in the engagement of elderly people (60+) in the labor market; improved health status is supporting them to be active in the labor market and the available jobs / work are helping them to maintain their satisfactory health status.

Thirdly, urbanization is promoting a nuclear family system and this is encouraging or forcing the elderly people (60+) to be engaged in economic productive activities at later years of lives. The living household status of elderly people (60+) in Pakistan is as follows:

Aging of the Population

Source: Pakistan Census Data (1998)

In Pakistan, 11.3 percent of elderly people (60+) are still heading the household. The proportion of elderly people (60+) living with their sons or daughters is 40 percent; 10.3 percent are living with their spouses; 18.3 percent are residing with their blood relatives and 17 percent are living with their other relatives (Hashmi, 2003). The elderly people (60+) having the status of "Head of Family" and living with spouses, blood relatives and other relatives are more expected to be a part of the labor market.

Fourthly, resources and household income affects the old age labor force participation rates. Increase in costs and unemployment of adults is resulting in insufficient household incomes. A concept of hand to mouth living is very common and the participation of all male family members in the labor market is considered essential to meet the domestic needs. As a result, elderly people (60+) are forced to earn their needs in old age.

Fifthly, current employment status is associated with previous employment experience. The previous employment influences the availability of suitable jobs in old age (60+). Elderly people (60+) having specific field related skills and prior experiences are finding jobs easily in later years of lives.

Sixthly, in urban areas, people are associated with jobs or business related engagements for bread and living, whereas in rural areas, they are associated with agriculture usually. In cases of less financial support, the elderly people (60+) face a number of difficulties to fill their basic needs. Retirement, lack of agricultural land and absence of children for financial support persuade the elderly people (60+) to remain active in the labor market both in urban and rural areas.

Seventhly, the elderly people (60+), who work in prestigious public or private sector organizations before their retirement, have confidence to do work after their retirement, because they have adequate understanding of the working milieu, organizational behavior and market dynamics. They have potential and experience to face the challenges in other organizations during their next jobs. Therefore, the employers do prefer to re-employ the retired persons against vacant positions where they fit.

Eighthly, the institution of family also imparts self-confidence among elderly people (60+) to do something after their retirement in both cases; professional education plus experience in the most demanding disciplines, or low family income. Self-confidence regulates the access to productive engagements after first retirement among elderly people (60+) and affects individual's earning and household income.

Lastly, the majority of people have enough time in old age after retirement and they have very few options on how to spend their time in some activities. During the employment period they had mobility and specific working hours to perform the given tasks. Their past habits of official working and independent mobility push them to do something after retirement.

Rationale of the Study:
The employment rate is gradually increasing in Pakistan since the last decade. The labor force participation rate was 29.83 in formal sectors at the beginning of this decade (Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2003) and it has reached up to 42.84 in all formal sectors observed in a national survey 2005-06 (Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2007).

In the past, life expectancy declined due to high morbidity and mortality rates in Pakistan. Most of the people died before reaching at the age of 60. Further, religious and social myths about respect for elderly people (60+) did not permit young members of families, to encourage or force elderly people (60+) to be engaged in economically productive activities. Besides, re-employment after retirement was difficult in the past due to two reasons; a huge proportion of the youth population in the pyramid and the slow pace of economic development in the country.
Currently, innovation in medical interventions has brought remarkable changes in morbidity and mortality rates. The rapid in-migration from rural to urban areas is marching towards more urbanization; high rate of urbanization means a more nuclear family system. The increase in life expectancy and shifting towards a nuclear family system has minimized the restrictions on elderly people (60+) to be engaged in economic productive life. Foreign investment increased during this decade, although currently it is moving towards a decline in the last two years but this has created many jobs in almost all sectors.

Costs have increased on a rapid scale but resources of jobs holders remain fixed. By meeting household needs, the people working in the service sector have remained unable to gather sufficient resources to meet their basic needs in old age after their retirement. Retirement is accorded after the service of 25 years, or at the age of 60 in Pakistan. When people near retirement age, they plan their bonus years of life, because they have to depend on a pension of 45% of basic pay in the absence of any other financial support. This amount remains insufficient to cater for routine household expenses. So when they do not find adequate financial support from any side, they prefer to remain active in the labor market after their first retirement but with the condition of availability.

The investment of Government in education and health sectors was very low compared to other budgets during the last decades. During this decade, according to the needs of population, it has been increased. The people working in the education sector, especially engaged in teaching, were deprived of various facilities of life such as own house, transport, standard health care services, financial resources for the marriage of their children etc. Their salaries were limited and not fulfilling their own needs or those of their families. The situation becomes worse after retirement, if their children do not support them or the cumulative household income remains low.

This study has been designed to find a link between increased life expectancy and re-employment of elderly people (60+) and also the subsequent factors, as earlier discussed. For this purpose, the retired faculty members (60+) of university were selected as a unit of analysis because they had a single type of professional employment. Furthermore, they had the same level of education with subject variations, similar pay packages with pay scale variations and possible similar employment opportunity after retirement.

In the past, the professors of a college or university had few options to do something after retirement. They ran private academies, coaching centers or were hired as visiting professors in a teaching institution. A few years ago, the Government paid attention towards improvement of the education sector, especially higher education. The elderly higher education institutions were strengthened with adequate financial support and various new institutions were established throughout the country. This development increased the demand for retired teaching staff in the education market.

So, the study focuses on re-employment among university retired professors. Further, if this is happening then what are the factors behind this productive change? Is increase in life expectancy the salient cause or are other socio-cultural factors also contributing towards their re-employment. This study explores whether the elderly people (Retired Faculty Members of the University of Punjab, Lahore) are engaged in economic productively after their retirement or dependent on their younger family members.

OBJECTIVES

- To find out the relationship between increased life expectancy and economic productivity of elderly people (60+)

- To identify the factors behind the continuity of jobs or business among elderly people (60+) in the later years of their life

- To see the association between educational level and post retirement employment opportunities among elderly people (60+)

- To compare the health status of re-employed and un-employed elderly people after their retirement (60+)

Literature Review:
Kaldi (2005) conducted a study on the employment status of the elderly people in Tehran. It was found that 86 percent of the interviewees were unofficially employed, while 13.6 percent had an official job. Also, 57.8 percent of the interviewees retired earlier than the due time and 35.2 percent of them retired on time. 4.4 percent of them were re-invited to work and 2.2 percent retained their occupation after retirement age. 95.7 percent of the interviewees are working after retirement as 7.2 percent of them have two jobs presently.

Rennemark and Berggren (2006) found in a study that there are differences in personality and in leisure lifestyle between individuals who have retired at the age of 60 and individuals who still work at the same age. The effects of health, work satisfaction, educational level and household economy were taken into account. The study suggests there is a possible stress-reducing effect of participation in cultural/intellectual activities. This effect may strengthen the ability and motivation to continue working at the age of 60 years.

Gökce-Kutsal, Özcakar, Arslan, and Sayek (2003) conducted a study in Turkey and reported that out of 680 physicians, 60.8 percent were still actively working. But 39.2 percent were not engaged in some professional activities. Of the physicians who were working, 0.8 percent classified their working conditions as very bad, 9.7 percent as unsatisfactory, 37.7 percent as satisfactory, 33.6 percent as good, and 18.2 percent as excellent. The number of physicians with a disability was 11.8 percent.

Cresson (2005) in a study quoted that "Flexibility is the new concept, because mature workers have experience, knowledge and expertise. Smart corporations are finding ways to entice experienced workers to remain on the job if they are healthy".

METHODS AND MATERIALS
It was hypothesized that "Increase in life expectancy is enhancing the post retirement productive engagements among elderly people (60+)". The post retirement productive engagement was a dependent variable in the hypothesis and increase in life expectancy was an independent variable in the hypothesis. However, there were several other independent variables such as, self perceived health status, economic status, marital status, number of dependents, and those were used in this study.

The vicinity of Lahore was the universe of study from where the subjects (retired teaching staff) of the Punjab University, Lahore were selected for interview. For this purpose, a list of retired faculty members was obtained from the administration office of the Punjab University, Lahore.
Three groups of the retired faculty members were studied to find the impact of increased life expectancy and other factors on their re-employment. The availability of subjects was not an easy task, thus purposive sampling technique was used to determine the sample size. A total of 120 retired faculty members were studied according to their availability. The groups of respondents are below:

Quantitative research method was used in the current study and a well structured questionnaire was prepared to collect data. Five percent interviews were scheduled as pre-test prior to the final run. During this pre-testing certain weak areas of the questionnaire were identified, and some questions that were too vague were modified. The necessary corrections were made which were followed during final interviews.

The data collection was completed by the end of the 7th week. The contact numbers or addresses of the respondents we took from the respective departments of the university, some on telephone and some on personal visit. It was rather difficult to develop a rapport with respective departments to obtain the phone numbers and addresses of subjects. After curbing the list to 500 retired professors including their contact numbers and addresses, 235 respondents were finalized in the vicinity of Lahore. A total 120 retired faculty members were interviewed according to their availability. The availability and willingness of subjects to participate in the study was a bit difficult due to their engagements and schedule of routine life. However, it was managed by taking interviews as per their availability and at their convenience. During the interviews of faculty members, it was also observed that the retired faculty members desired that any body should sit with them for hours to listen to their past experiences. They were confident in providing proper solutions for the current issue through their expertise in relevant fields. On average, one interview took 20 to 30 minutes.

Ethical Considerations:
The research proposal was presented along with questionnaire before Ethical Review Committee, constituted to review the research proposal/s written by faculty of social sciences at University of Gujrat, before collecting data.

The committee reviewed the proposal critically and guided us to exclude the questions related to the emotional attachments of respondents with their children after retirement, due to their cultural sensitivity. The committee also guided us to ask indirect questions related to their income before and after retirement. The questions related to relationships or attachments with spouses, were also excluded from the designed questionnaire.

It was also made clear to the Ethical Review Committee that the names, addresses and contact numbers of respondents would be kept secret. The information obtained from respondents will also be kept anonymous and used for this study only. The researchers were certified by the Ethical Review Committee to conduct this research after making certain amendments suggested by the committee. A consent form was also attached with the questionnaire and filled out by the respondents before interviewing during data collection.

General Findings:
Retirement age is 60 years in both public sector organizations in Pakistan. The purpose of the study was to explore the re-employment, if any, of retired people from their first jobs. Different statistical techniques were used to test the hypothesis and measure the objects of the study.

The following findings were commonly abstracted from the study:

Table 1: Age of Respondents and Productive Employment after Retirement

The Table reflects that forty subjects were interviewed in the age group of 70+. Thirty respondents were working after their retirement while ten out of the total respondents in this age group were not working after their retirement. The majority were females, whowere facing various health problems and the rest were house bound due to various domestic responsibilities or pressures. Another group of forty respondents in the age group of 66-70 year was interviewed. Within this group, thirty eight respondents were engaged in various economic productive activities and only two were not working. Among the age groups of 60-65, two male and six female respondents were not a part of the labor force market. The major reason for their absence from the labour force market was poor health or disabilities. However, it was clearly observed that an increase in the life span of elderly people (60+) was a major cause of their paid work in later years of life.

Table 2: Proportion test

Table 2 shows the persons who work after their retirement are significantly different to those who are not working. The proportion of the 1st group is higher than the other one at the .05 level of significance.

Table 3: Family Status and Productive Engagements of Respondents after Retirement

Table 3 reflects that 24 respondents were living alone and 22 out of this number were active in economic productive life after their retirement. 30 respondents were part of a nuclear family system. This situation created an atmosphere for re-employment for elderly people (60+) and 22 were working after their retirement to provide for their basic needs and spend a healthy life. Most interestingly, 56 respondents were living in the form of extended families. These respondents reported that they have huge expenses, so the situation was encouraging, as well as compelling them to work after their retirement. Within this category, 48 respondents were working after their retirement and only 8 of them were not working due to poor health, and financial and moral support from their families. In the last category, only 10 respondents were living in a joint family system due to the traditional myths of unity and current settlement problems in big cities. To meet the needs of family and settlement in big cities, 8 respondents were working to help their children financially after the completion of their first job tenure.

Table 4: Educational Status and Productive Engagement of Respondents after Retirement

The respondents had various educational backgrounds. A huge number had a doctoral degree in their relevant fields. Others were M. Phil, Master and Undergraduate in respective disciplines. It was found that the respondents with doctorate level education had more opportunities in the market after their retirement. 62 out of 66 respondents with PhD degrees were working after their retirement in different sectors. Nearly 6 percent of respondents had M. Phil degree and all were working after their retirement. But the situation was not the same with 30 percent of Master degree holders, because out of 36 respondents 16 were not working after their retirement. However, all the undergraduate respondents were working after their retirement in the later years of their lives.

Table 5: Self Reported Health Status and Productive Engagements of Respondents after Retirement

The table is reflecting that 40 respondents reported excellent health status and they were a part of the economic market in the later years of their lives. The respondents with good health were also working in the labor force market. About 23 respondents were interacting with fair or satisfactory health status, therefore, 8 out of these respondents were not working. It was reported by 17 respondents that they were facing poor health and only 5 respondents were working with poor health status due to lack of financial support from their family members. It was found that the respondents who attained a new job after immediate retirement were enjoying good health compared to others.

Table 6: Previous & Current Salary Package of Respondents

Data shows that the Professors had Rs. 25000 to Rs. 50000 per month salary during previous jobs on average but currently, they were earning 2 times, in some cases 3 times more income by joining new jobs after their retirement. Similarly, Associate Professors had Rs. 17000 to Rs. 30000 per month salary and currently they were earning more money by adopting a new career after their retirement. Similarly, Assistant Professors were earning Rs. 12000 to Rs. 20000 per month in previous jobs but now they were charging double salaries in new jobs.

The table is reflecting that 80.0 percent of respondents depicted that their personal interests and excellent health conditions persuaded them to do work after their retirement from their first jobs. About 55.0 percent of respondents shared that they had to fulfill their basic needs therefore they are working after their retirement. Nearly 30.0 percent of respondents explained that they had to meet family responsibilities in old age therefore they are working after their retirement. The majority of the respondents (65.0 percent) reported excellent health status. They were working just to maintain their health, be active and energetic and to reduce the burden of old age from their families, whereas 16.7 percent of respondents reported that health care need is one of the major factors behind their re-employment after their retirement from previous jobs. They had no financial assistance from their children to meet their health care needs in the last phase of life. The data indicates that 80.0 percent of respondents agreed that they were eager to manage their time only, so they were working after retirement. About 70.0 percent of respondents shared that their children are encouraging them to be engaged in economic active life. But 11.7 percent of respondents were also found to be working without moral support of their children. About 76.7 percent of respondents also described that their children are not forcing them to be engaged in economic activities in the last span of their lives. They are working due to their own will. All the above factors were encouraging the respondents to be engaged in economic productive activities after their first employment.

The table shows that since p value is less than (level of significance) we reject Ho and accept H1 and conclude that there is an association between age groups of respondents and age of re-employment after retirement.

DISCUSSION
The research hypothesis of the current study was formulated as "Increase in life expectancy is enhancing the post retirement productive engagements among elderly people (60+)". In Pakistan, it is has been standardized that the elderly people (60+) must be retired from their jobs because after a specified age they are not able to perform well in jobs both physically and mentally. But the research hypothesis proved that the majority of the elderly people (60+) were engaged in various economic productive activities after their retirement. Increase in life span had a direct link with their re-employment or engagement in business in the later years of their lives. Indeed, the factor of age was playing a critical role in their re-employment along with various socio-cultural and economic factors that were also encouraging or forcing them to participate in the labor market. Therefore, most of the retired faculty members were still working after their first retirement. Some of them started work immediately after retirement and others took a break for some years due to various domestic as well as opportunity related issues. Some of the respondents were forced and others were supported by their families or spouses to work, and fulfill their as well as the family's needs. Basic needs and various family responsibilities were working as push factors for re-employment among retired faculty members. In some cases re-employment was due to pressure for the accomplishment of various tasks in old age e.g., educational expenses of children, money for their daughter's marriage, own house dream, health care needs etc. It was found that the retired faculty members had more moral and financial support from their children or relatives living in a joint family system but the huge proportion of this category was still working to manage their leisure time and practice their learning. The people living in a nuclear family system were forced to work in later years of life because they had no other options to earn their bread and meet domestic needs. Current health status was also liked with active life of retired faculty members. Most of the re-employed faculty members were enjoying excellent health due to their engagement in the labor market. They were happy to be a part of professional life even in the last span of their lives, whereas the majority of respondents who reported bad health and minor disabilities were not working after their retirement. Education and skills are admirable in the labor force market. The employers give preference to well educated and experienced professionals to fill vacant positions. Being highly educated and having vast relevant experience, the retired faculty members of the university were in high demand in the dynamic market of education. In Pakistan, a huge investment in public and private sector universities is still creating sufficient space for these retired professionals. Consequently, they are being re-employed in educational institutions, NGOs working in the education sector, Government Departments and Higher Education Commission at various positions with higher salary packages as compared to previous jobs. Personal interest and time management were also encouraging the re-employment among retired faculty members significantly. Marriage and family ties encouraged the elderly people (60+) to work for the completion of their own and family member's needs. Unmarried and separated people were also working due to lack of social and financial support from fellows. The elderly people (60+) who were not working after their retirement, were performing various religious, social or household duties. Most of the retired faculty members had a strong belief that "earned bread by hand is considered as worship to Allah". They shared that Creation, Innovation and Conversion of knowledge from one generation to another generation is their prime responsibility. Most of them considered such engagements as virtue in the later years, therefore they remained active in the labor force. Usually gender based variations were common in the traditional society of Pakistan in the past and occurs still to a large extent in all segments of society. Education and employment were the hot areas of such discriminations. Females remained less involved in the labor force after their retirement. Some of the female faculty members desired to be a part of professional life after their retirement but social taboos and cultural practices did not permit them to do so. These females had excellent financial and family support from their spouses and children. In spite of that they had a desire to do something which may enable them to remain active during various time consuming activities within their relevant profession. The retired faculty members who were not working, were finding some literary, religious and household activities to spend their time on after retirement. Most of the re-employed respondents were satisfied with their re-employment in the post retirement age and feeling secure in all aspects of life. The respondents who were actively participating in economic productive endeavors reported that they were more satisfied with the overall behavior of their children towards their personality, life and activities. The respondents who were not working had a desire to work but were not working due to various constraints. The high urge and practice of re-employment among retired faculty members of the university was found to be due to increase in their life span, health and opportunities.

CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the engagement of elderly people in economic productive work after retirement is associated with an increase in life expectancy directly, but various other factors are also contributing to their re-employment indirectly. In nearly all groups, about 84 percent of respondents were re-employed in various organizations / institutions at white collar positions with attractive salary packages. In the eldest group (70+), almost 75 percent of retired faculty members were working. It reveals the association between increased life span, opportunities, selected socio-cultural factors and re-employment. A similar situation existed with the older group (65-69), where the faculty members, had good health, social support, and domestic obligations thus, they were working after retirement. In the old group (60-64), nearly all male faculty members were working but the females were engaged with kitchens and looking after their grandchildren, therefore they were not working. The re-employment of this age group was based on opportunities and excellent health status. Overall, only 16.6 percent of respondents were not working and one third of them were female but they had a desire to work after their retirement. The hypothesis of the study proves that the elderly people are working in the labor market for their interest, time management, and to meet basic needs and family responsibilities after their retirement, due to the gradual increase in their life spans in Pakistan.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The Government should raise the retirement age (60) of faculty members working at public sector universities by keeping in view the increase in life expectancy over previous decades. Currently, the faculty members having a PhD in any discipline are scarce in higher educational institutions as compared to international standards. Besides, faculty members without a doctoral degree, have valuable working experience in their relevant fields,and are also an asset, so extension of their retirement age limit will help them as well as the community, both financially and intellectually.

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